What is alcohol? Ingredients, chemicals, and manufacture

What is alcohol?

In purely scientific terms, alcohol is the name for a whole range of molecules that are formed when oxygen and hydrogen atoms bind with an atom of carbon.

But when it comes to alcoholic drinks, all of the alcohol is a specific small molecule called ethanol – and it affects your body every time you drink. Read on to find out how.

How is alcohol made?

Alcohol is made by putting grains, fruits, or vegetables through a process called fermentation. This is a chemical reaction where yeast or bacteria react with the sugars in the other ingredients to produce ethanol (the alcohol in the drink) and carbon dioxide (which can mean the drink has bubbles).¹

One unit of alcohol is 10ml or 8g of pure alcohol. It takes an average adult around an hour to process one unit so that there's none left in their bloodstream – and the more you drink, the longer it takes.²

Wine and cider are made by fermenting fruit, while fermented cereals such as barley and rye form the basis of beer and spirits. Spirits also go through a process called distillation – where a proportion of the water is removed, leaving a stronger concentration of alcohol in the final product. The alcohol content of a drink is affected by how long it's left to ferment.³

There is now a wider range than ever of alcohol-free and low alcohol versions of beer, wine, and spirits. These drinks are often made the same way as traditional alcoholic drinks but have an additional stage of production to remove the alcohol while preserving as much as possible of the elements that give the drink its taste and appearance.⁴

Drinkaware research has found regular drinkers of alcohol-free products thought the taste had improved over recent years. Negative perceptions of taste were more common among people who hadn’t tried them, with many people pleasantly surprised with the taste when they did.⁵ So if you’re thinking of switching to alcohol-free alternatives to cut back on how much you drink, there’s never been a better time to try it.

How alcohol affects the body

When you drink alcohol, ethanol molecules are absorbed into your blood and being small, they travel to virtually all parts of your body including your brain.

Alcohol causes chemical changes in your brain, suppressing normal activity in the area that controls inhibition. So it has a depressant effect on the brain, which then has to readjust as the alcohol wears off (when it's been metabolised – broken down by your body’s systems). That’s why alcohol can contribute to feelings of anxiety.^6,7,8

Alcohol is toxic⁹ – so your body has to work to get rid of it from your system every time you drink. Consuming several alcohol drinks in a short space of time puts you at risk of acute alcohol poisoning,¹⁰ and drinking heavily regularly increases your risk of developing seven different types of cancer and other serious health problems.¹¹

The UK Chief Medical Officers’ (CMOs’) low risk drinking guidelines advise that, to keep health risks from alcohol low, it is safest for both men and women to drink no more than 14 units a week, spread over three or more days with several drink-free days, and no bingeing.¹²

Is alcohol a drug?

Because alcohol can affect the way you think and feel, it’s recognised as a ‘psychoactive substance’ by the World Health Organization, putting it in the same broad category as other drugs, including many illegal ones.¹³

However, alcohol isn’t legally classed as a drug in the UK. But the effects it can have on the safety and health of the person drinking it, as well as the impact it can have on wider society, mean there are laws in place to strictly control its sale. For example, it’s illegal for under 18s to buy alcohol.¹⁴